![]() ![]() The receiving UART converts the received serial data back to parallel data and sends it to the CPU. ![]() This serial data is transmitted to the UART on the receiver device, or the receiving UART. In UART communication, two UARTs communicate directly with each other the UART on the sender device, or the transmitting UART, receives parallel data from the CPU ( microprocessor or microcontroller) and converts it to serial data. Essentially, a UART’s main purpose is to transmit and receive serial data. UART, or Universal Asynchronous Receiver/ Transmitter, is a physical circuit in a microcontroller or single integrated circuit (IC) that is used to implement serial communication between devices in an embedded system. It also has no maximum speed data speeds in excess of 100 MHz have been achieved. The exchange itself has no pre-defined protocol which makes SPI ideal for data-streaming applications. SPI communication supports full-duplex communication, meaning that both the master and slave can transmit data simultaneously. The master pulls low on a slave's SS line to select a device for communication. Additionally, each slave device added to the bus has its own SS line. The SCLK signal is generated by the master device for synchronization, while the MOSI and MISO lines used for data exchange. The SCLK, MOSI, and MISO signals are shared by all devices on the bus. It operates using a master-slave paradigm that includes at least four signals: a clock (SCLK), a master output/slave input (MOSI), a master input/slave output (MISO), and a slave select (SS) signal. SPI, or Serial Peripheral Interface, is a serial communication protocol often used in embedded systems for high-speed data exchanges between devices on the bus. The standard data transfer rate of the I2C protocol is 100 kbps, although data speeds of up to 5 Mbps are possible with I2C devices configured in "fast mode" or "ultra-fast mode". The clock is driven by the master device which allows the output of bits to be synchronized to the sampling of bits by the clock signal shared between the master and the slave. I2C is considered to be synchronous, meaning it operates using a serial clock. The message also includes start and stop conditions, read/write bits from either the master or slave, and ACK/NACK bits sent from the receiver for error checking. When sending data over the bus, each I2C message includes an address frame of the slave device and one or more data frames containing the data being transmitted. To accomplish this, all slave devices must have a unique address that is included in the I2C message. A master device will signal to a slave in order to send data or request a response. In I2C operations, the master controls the exchange of data between the devices. It is a bidirectional two-wire serial bus that uses serial clock (SCL) and serial data (SDA) wires to send and manage data bit by bit between devices connected to the bus. I2C, or Inter-Integrated Circuit, is a simple communication protocol often used in embedded systems as a way to transfer data between a master (or multiple masters) and a single slave (or multiple slaves) device. Understanding I2C and SPI Communication Protocols I2C Protocol ![]() While they all accomplish a similar goal of sending data, they each have many differences as well as advantages and disadvantages to consider when choosing which to use.įirst, we will provide a high-level overview of each of the I2C, SPI, and UART protocols and then provide a comparison between them. I2C, SPI, and UART are commonly used as means for communication between devices within an embedded system due to their simplicity and ease of operation. ![]()
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